The SonicFinder: An Interface That Uses Auditory Icons

The appropriate use of nonspeech sounds has the potential to add a great deal to the functionality of computer interfaces. Sound is a largely unexploited medium of output, even though it plays an integral role in our everyday encounters with the world, a role that is complementary to vision. Sound should be used in computers as it is in the world, where it conveys information about the nature of sound-producing events. Such a strategy leads to auditory icons, which are everyday sounds meant to convey information about computer events by analogy with everyday events. Auditory icons are an intuitively accessible way to use sound to provide multidimensional, organized information to users. These ideas are instantiated in the ~onicFinder,' which is an auditory interface I developed at Apple Computer, Inc. In this interface, information is conveyed using auditory icons as well as standard graphical feedback. I discuss how events are mapped to auditory icons in the SonicFinder, and illustrate how sound is used by describing a typical interaction with this interface. Two major gains are associated with using sound in this interface: an increase in direct engagement with the model world of the computer and an Author's present address: William W . Gaver, Rank Xerox Cambridge EuroPARC, Ravenscroft House, 61 Regent Street, Cambridge CB2 IAB, England. ' The SonicFinder, Finder Sounds, Finder, and SoundManager are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. As to SonicFinder, copyright 1987, 1988, 1989 by Apple Computer, Inc.